WTO与贸易有关的知识产权协定（II）
Article 13 Limitations and Exceptions第13条 限制和例外
Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
各成员对专有权作出的任何限制或例外规定应限于某些特殊情况，且不会与对作品的正常利用相冲突，也不会不合理地损害权利持有人的合法权益。
Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizations
第14条 对表演者、 录音制品(唱片)制作者和广播组织的保护
1.In respect of a fixation of their performance on a phonogram, performers shall have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization： the fixation of their unfixed performance and the reproduction of such fixation. Performers shall also have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization: the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their live performance.
就将其表演录制在录音制品上而言，表演者应有可能阻止下列未经其授权的行为：录制其未录制过的表演和复制这些录制品。表演者还应有可能阻止下列未经其授权的行为：以无线广播方式播出和向大众传播其现场表演。
2.Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.
录音制品制作者应享有准许或禁止直接或间接复制其录音制品的权利。
3.Broadcasting organizations shall have the right to prohibit the following acts when undertaken without their authorization：the fixation，the reproduction of fixations，and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, as well as the communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same. Where Members do not grant such rights to broadcasting organizations，they shall provide owners of copyright in the subject matter of broadcasts with the possibility of preventing the above acts，subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971).
广播组织应有权禁止下列未经其授权的行为：录制、复制其录制品、以无线广播方式转播其广播，以及将其电视广播向公众再转播。如若各成员未授予广播组织这种权利，则应在符合《伯尔尼公约》(1971)规定的前提下，给予广播客体的版权所有人以阻止上述行为的可能性。
4.The provisions of Article 11 in respect of computer programs shall apply mutatis mutandis to producers of phonograms and any other right holders in phonograms as determined in a Member's law. If on 15 April 1994 a Member has in force a system of equitable remuneration of right holders in respect of the rental of phonograms，it may maintain such system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of right holders.
第11条关于计算机程序的规定作必要修改后应适用于录音制品制作者和按一成员法确定的任何其他对录音制品的权利持有人。如若在1994年4月15日，一成员在录音制品的出租方面已在实施向权利持有人公平付酬的制度，则可维持这一制度，只要对录音制品的商业性出租不对权利持有人的专有复制权造成实质性的减损。
5.The term of the protection available under this Agreement to performers and producers of phonograms shall last at least until the end of a period of 50 years computed from the end of the calendar year in which the fixation was made or the performance took place. The term of protection granted pursuant to paragraph 3 shall last for at least 20 years from the end of the calendar year in which the broadcast took place.
本协定项下给予表演者和录音制品制作者可获得的保护期限，应自该录制或表演发生的日历年年底起，至少持续到第50年年末。根据第3款所给予的保护期限，应自广播发生的日历年年底起，至少持续20年。
6.Any Member may, in relation to the rights conferred under paragraphs 1，2 and 3， provide for conditions，limitations，exceptions and reservations to the extent permitted by the Rome Convention. However，the provisions of Article 18 of the Berne Convention(1971) shall also apply，mutatis mutandis，to the rights of performers and producers of phonograms in phonograms.
任何成员可对第1款、第2款和第3款给予的权利，在《罗马公约》允许的限度内，规定条件、限制、例外和保留。但是，《伯尔尼公约》(1971)第18条的规定在作必要修改后也应适用于表演者和录音制品制作者就录音制品享有的权利。
SECTION 2: TRADEMARKS 第二节：商标
Article 15 Protectable Subject Matter第15条 可保护客体
1.Any sign，or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings，shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs，in particular words including personal names，letters，numerals， figurative elements and combinations of colors as well as any combination of such signs， shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services，Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use. Members may require，as a condition of registration，that signs be visually perceptible.
任何标记或标记的组合，只要能区分一企业和其他企业的货物或服务，就应能构成一个商标。这些标记，特别是单词，包括个人名、字母、数字、图形成分和颜色的组合以及任何这些标记的组合，均应有资格作为商标进行注册。如若标记没有固有的区分有关商品或服务的特征，各成员可经由使用后获得的显著性作为是否予以注册。各成员可要求，作为注册的一个条件，这些标记应在视觉上可感知的。
2.Paragraph 1 shall not be understood to prevent a Member from denying registration of a trademark on other grounds，provided that they do not derogate from the provisions of the Paris Convention (1967).
第1款不应理解为阻止一成员以其他理由拒绝商标的注册，只要这些理由不违反《巴黎公约》(1967)的规定。
3.Members may make registrability depend on use. However，actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an application for registration. An application shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.
各成员可将使用作为注册的前提。然而，一商标的实际使用不应作为申请注册的一项条件。不能仅仅因为自申请日起三年期满商标末按原意使用而拒绝该申请。
4.The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to registration of the trademark.
一商标所适用的货物或服务的性质在任何情况下不得成为申请商标注册的障碍。
5.Members shall publish each trademark either before it is registered or promptly after it is registered and shall afford a reasonable opportunity for petitions to cancel the registration. In addition，Members may afford an opportunity for the registration of a trademark to be opposed.
各成员应在商标注册前或在注册后迅速公布每一商标，并应给予请求撤销注册以合理的机会。此外，各成员可以提供对商标之注册提出异议的机会。
Article 16 Rights Conferred第16条 授予的权利
1.The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services，a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights，nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use.
注册商标的所有人应有专有权，以阻止所有第三方未经其同意在交易过程中对与已获商标注册的货物或服务的相同或类似的货物或服务使用相同或类似的标记，如若这种使用可能会产生混淆。在对相同货物或服务使用相同标记是情况下，则应推定存在混淆的可能性。上述权利不应损害任何现有的优先权，也不应影响各成员以使用为基础授予权利的可能性。
2. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply，mutatis mutandis，to services. In determining whether a trademark is well-known，Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public，including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark.
《巴黎公约》(1967)第6条之二这必要修改后应适用于服务。在确定一商标是否驰名时，各成员应考虑到该商标在相关部门为公众所了解的程度，包括该商标因促销而在该有关成员获得理解的程度。
3. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply，mutatis mutandis，to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered，
provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a
connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.
《巴黎公约》(1967)第6条之二在作必要修改后应适用于与已获得商标注册的货物或服务不相类似的货物或服务，只要该商标在那些货物或服务上的使用会表明那些货物或服务与该注册商标所有人之间存在着联系，且这种使用有可能损害该注册商标所有人的权益。
Article 17 Exceptions第17条 例外
Members may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark，such as fair use of descriptive terms，provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties.
各成员可对商标所授予的权利规定有限制的例外，如适当使用描述性术语，只要这些例外考虑到商标所有人和第三方的合法权益。
Article 18 Term of Protection第18条 保护期限
Initial registration，and each renewal of registration，of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years. The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.
商标首次注册及其每次续展的期限不得少于7年。商标的注册应可无限期地续展。
Article 19 Requirement of Use第19条 使用要求
1. If use is required to maintain a registration，the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period of at least three years of non-use，unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark，such as import restrictions on or other government requirements for goods or services protected by the trademark，shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use.
如若保留注册要求使用商标，那么只有在至少连续3年未得使用后才可取消注册，除非商标所有人提出有效的理由说明存在使用该商标的障碍。出现构成商标使用的障碍但并非出乎商标所有人意愿之情形，如对受商标保护的货物或服务实施进口限制或其他政府要求，应被认为是不使用的有效理由。
2. When subject to the control of its owner，use of a trademark by another person shall be recognized as use of the trademark for the purpose of maintaining the registration.
在受所有权人控制的情况下，另一人使用一商标应被认为为保留商标注册而使用商标。
Article 20 Other Requirements第20条 其他要求
The use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements，such as use with another trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribing the use of the trademark identifying the undertaking producing the goods or services along with，but without linking it to，the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or services in question of that undertaking.
商标在交易过程中的使用不应受到特殊要求不合理的阻碍，诸如与另一商标一起使用，以特殊形式使用或其使用方式会损害其区分一企业的货物或服务与其他企业的货物或服务的能力。但该规定不排除这样的要求，即要求将识别该生产货物或服务的企业的商标与区别该企业的具体货物或服务的商标一起使用，但不将两者联系起来。
Article 21 Licensing and Assignment第21条 许可和转让
Members may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks，it being understood that the compulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign the trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.
各成员可对商标的许可和转让规定条件，但这应理解为不允许商标的强制许可，而且注册商标的所有权人有权将商标与该商标所属业务同时或不同时转让。
SECTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS第三节：地理标识
Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications第22条 地理标识的保护
1. Geographical indications are，for the purposes of this Agreement，indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member，or a region or locality in that territory，where a given quality，reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
本协定之目的而言，“地理标识”是指识别某一货物来源于一成员的领土或该领土内的一个地区或地方的标识，而该货物所具有的质量、声誉或其他特性实质上归因于其地理来源。
2. In respect of geographical indications，Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent：
在地理标识方面，各成员应为有利益关系的各方提供法律手段以防止：
(a) the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in question originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public as to the geographical origin of the good；
用任何方式在标示和说明某一货物时指示或暗示该有关货物来源于一个非其真实原产地的一个地理区域，从而在该货物的地理来源方面误导公众；
(b) any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967).
任何构成《巴黎公约》(1967)第10条之二意义下不公平竞争行为的使用，
3. A Member shall，ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party，refuse or invalidate the registration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originating in the territory indicated，if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature as to mislead the public as to the true place of origin.
如若一商标包含的或构成的有关货物并非源自所表明领土的地理标识，且如若在该货物的商标中使用这一标识会使公众对其真实的原产地产生误解，则一成员在其立法允许或有利益关系的一方请求的情况下，可拒绝或废止该商标的注册。
4. The protection under paragraphs 1，2 and 3 shall be applicable against a geographical indication which，although literally true as to the territory，region or locality in which the goods originate，falsely represents to the public that the goods originate in another territory.
根据第1款、第2款和第3款给予的保护应可适用于虽在字面上表明货物来源的真实领土、地区或地方，但却虚假地向公众表明该货物源于另一领土的地理标识。
