SECTION 5: PATENTS第5节：专利

Article 27  Patentable Subject Matter第27条  可授予专利的客体

1.Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3，patents shall be available for any inventions，whether products or processes，in all fields of technology, provided that they are new，involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.5  Subject to paragraph 4 of Article 65，paragraph 8 of Article 70 and paragraph 3 of this Article， patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention，the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.

在遵守第2款和第3款规定的前提下，专利应授予所有技术领域的任何发明，无论是产品还是方法，只要它们具有新颖性、涉及发明性的步骤，并可供工业应用。5在遵守第65条第４款、第70条第8款和本条第3款规定的前提下，专利的获得和专利权的享受不应因发明地点、技术领域、产品是进口的还是当地生产的而受到歧视。

2. Members may exclude from patentability inventions，the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality， including to protect human，animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment，provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.

各成员可不对下述发明授予专利权，如若在其领土内阻止对这些发明的商业性利用对于维护公共秩序或道德，包括保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康或避免严重损害环境是必要的，只要此举并不仅仅因为这种利用为其法律所禁止。

3. Members may also exclude from patentability：各成员也可不对以下发明授予专利权：

(a) diagnostic，therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals；

人类或动物的诊断、治疗和外科手术方法；

(b) plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However，Members shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

除微生物外的植物和动物，以及除了生物和微生物之外的生产植物或动物实质上属于生物的方法。但是，各成员应规定用专利或一种专门有效的特殊制度或通过这两者的综合运用来保护植物品种。本项的规定应在《WTO协定》生效之日4年后进行审议。

Article 28  Rights Conferred第28条  授予的权利

1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights：

一专利应赋予其所有权人以下专有权：

(a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product，to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the acts of：making，using，offering for sale，selling，or importing6 for these purposes that product；

如若一专利的客体是产品，则防止第三方未经其同意而进行制造、使用、标价出售、销售或为这些目的而进口6该产品的行为；

(b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the act of using the process, and from the acts of：using，offering for sale，selling，or importing for these purposes at least the product obtained directly by that process.

如若一专利的客体是一方法，则防止第三方未经其同意而使用该方法的行为，或使用、标价出售、销售或为这些目的而进口至少是以此方法直接获得产品的行为。

2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession，the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.

专利所有权人还应有权转让或以继承方式转移该专利并签订许可合同。

Article 29  Conditions on Patent Applicants第29条  专利申请人的条件

1. Members shall require that an applicant for a patent shall disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for the invention to be carried out by a person skilled in the art and may require the applicant to indicate the best mode for carrying out the invention known to the inventor at the filing date or，where priority is claimed，at the priority date of the application.

各成员应要求专利申请人以足够清楚和完整的方式披露其发明，以使本专业领域的技术人员能够实施该项发明，并可要求申请人在申请之日或在要求优先权时，在申请的优先之日表明发明人所知的实施该发明的最佳方式。

2. Members may require an applicant for a patent to provide information concerning the applicant's corresponding foreign applications and grants.

各成员可要求专利申请人就其相应的国外申请与授予情况提供信息。

Article 30  Exceptions to Rights Conferred第30条  授予权利的例外

Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent， provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner， taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.

各成员可以对专利赋予的专有权规定有限的例外，只要这种例外不会与对专利的正常利用发生不合理地冲突，也不会不合理地损害专利所有权人的合法权益，同时考虑第三方的合法权益。

Article 31  Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder

第31条  未经权利持有人授权的其他使用

Where the law of a Member allows for other use7 of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder，including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government，the following provisions shall be respected：

如若一成员的法律允许未经权利持有人授权即可对一专利的客体作其他使用，7包括政府或经政府授权的第三方的使用，则应遵照以下规定：

(a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits；

授权这种使用应一事一议；

(b) such use may only be permitted if，prior to such use，the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorization from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not been successful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of a national emergencyor other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency，the right holder shall，nevertheless，be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use，where the government or contractor，without making a patent search，knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by or for the government，the right holder shall be informed promptly；

只有当拟使用者在这种使用前已按合理的商业条款和条件努力从权利持有人处获得授权，并在合理的时间内未得到这种允许时，才可允许这种使用。在全国处于紧急状态或其他极端紧迫状态的情况下，或公共非商业性使用的情况下，一成员可豁免此要求。尽管如此，在全国处于紧急状态或其他极端紧迫状态时，应尽快通知权利持有人。在公共非商业性使用的情况下，如若政府或合约方未作专利查询即知道或有明显的理由知道一有效专利正在或将要被政府或为政府使用，则应迅速告知权利持有人；

(c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to the purpose for which it was authorized，and in the case of semi-conductor technology shall only be for public non-commercial use or to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive；

(a)  这种使用的范围和期限应限于被授权的目的，如若是半导体技术，则只能应用于公共

商业性使用，或用于补救司法或行政程序确定为反竞争的做法；

(d) such use shall be non-exclusive；这种使用应是非独占性的；

(e) such use shall be non-assignable，except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which enjoys such use；

这种使用应是不可转让的，除非连同享有这种使用的那部分企业或商誉一起转让；

(f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market of the Member authorizing such use；

任何这种使用的授权应主要为了供应该授权这种使用的成员的国内市场；

(g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to adequate protection of the legitimate interests of the persons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the circumstances which led to it cease to exist and are unlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have the authority to review，upon motivated request，the continued existence of these circumstances；

在充分保护被授权人合法权益的前提下，如若当导致这种使用的情形已不复存在且不可能再出现时，则有关这种使用的授权应终止。在收到有关请求时，主管当局应有权审查这些情形是否继续存在；

(h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case，taking into account the economic value of the authorization；

在每一种情形下应支付权利持有人适当的报酬，同时考虑有关授权的经济价值；

(i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the authorization of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；

任何有关这种使用决定的法律有效性须经过司法审查，或经过该成员中上一级有关当局的独立审查；

(j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in respect of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；

任何就这种使用提供报酬的有关决定应经过司法审查或该成员中上级有关当局的独立审查；

(k) Members are not obliged to apply the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is permitted to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive. The need to correct anti-competitive practices may be taken into account in determining the amount of remuneration in such cases. Competent authorities shall have the authority to refuse termination of authorization if and when the conditions which led to such authorization are likely to recur；

如若允许该使用是为了补救司法或行政程序确定的反竞争做法，则各成员没有义务适用(b)项和(f)项规定的条件。在确定这种情况下的报酬金额时，可考虑纠正反竞争做法的需要。如若导致授权的条件可能再此出现，则主管当局有权拒绝终止授权；

(l) where such use is authorized to permit the exploitation of a patent (“the second patent”) which cannot be exploited without infringing another patent (“the first patent”)，the following additional conditions shall apply：

如若授权这种使用是为了允许利用一项专利(“第二专利”)，而该项专利的利用不得不侵犯另一项专利(“第一专利”)，则下列额外条件应适用：

(i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent：

与第一专利中要求的发明相比，第二专利中要求的发明应包含重要的、具有重大经济意义的技术进步。

(ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-licence on reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent：and

第一专利的所有人应有权以合理的条件通过交叉许可而使用第二专利具有的发明；

(iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of the second patent.

就第一专利授权的使用不得转让，除非与第二专利一起转让。

Article 32  Revocation/Forfeiture第32条  撤销/无效

An opportunity for judicial review of any decision to revoke or forfeit a patent shall be available.

对任何有关撤销或宣布一项专利无效的决定应有机会进行司法审查。

Article 33  Term of Protection第33条  保护期限

The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.8

可获得的有效保护期限不应自申请之日8起计算的20年期限届满前到期。